The National Academies (NASEM) recommended in 2022 that pregnant women with known elevated PFAS exposure should get blood testing. The test costs $200-400 out of pocket through labs like Quest, Labcorp, or NMS Labs. Insurance rarely covers it. Results under 2 ng/mL require no follow-up; 2-20 ng/mL means monitoring thyroid and preeclampsia risk; over 20 ng/mL warrants clinical consultation. The test doesn't change pregnancy management dramatically but informs future health decisions.
In 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine told doctors that pregnant women in PFAS-exposed communities should be tested. Three years later, almost no OB orders the test without the patient asking. Here's how to ask, what it costs, and what to do with the number.
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The 2022 NASEM guidance identified specific groups who should consider PFAS blood testing during pregnancy. These aren't vague recommendations – they're concrete exposure scenarios where testing provides actionable information.
Occupational firefighters top the list. Firefighting foam (AFFF) contains high PFAS concentrations, and studies of career firefighters show median blood levels 2-3 times higher than the general population. If you've worked in firefighting – municipal, military, or airport – for more than a year, you meet the criteria.
Living near a military base or industrial site with documented PFAS contamination is the second qualifier. The DoD has identified over 700 military installations with PFAS groundwater contamination, many of which supplied drinking water to surrounding communities for decades. If you lived within 5 miles of a base, industrial park, or landfill between the 1970s and now, check whether your water system was affected (we built a ZIP-code lookup for exactly this).
Drinking from a known-contaminated water system – even if you don't live near the source – qualifies. EPA testing under UCMR5 found detectable PFAS in about a third of US public water systems. If your utility reported PFAS above 4 parts per trillion (the new EPA limit), you've had measurable exposure. Testing tells you whether that exposure translated into elevated blood levels.
Some symptom patterns raise suspicion even without documented exposure history. Unexplained thyroid issues (hypothyroidism or Hashimoto's), high cholesterol despite healthy diet and normal weight, or a history of pregnancy complications (preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm birth) can all be PFAS-related. PFAS disrupts thyroid function and lipid metabolism – if you have these conditions and no clear family history, the test might explain why.
The guidance does NOT say everyone should test. If you've lived in low-contamination areas your whole life, worked in low-exposure jobs, and have no concerning health patterns, the test is optional. Your baseline risk is already low, and the result won't change your pregnancy plan.
Most OB-GYNs won't order a PFAS blood test unless you ask. This isn't negligence – it's absence of standard protocol. PFAS testing isn't part of routine prenatal labs, and many providers have never ordered the panel before.
You can ask your OB directly. Bring the 2022 NASEM report (it's publicly available) and explain your exposure history. Some practices will order it immediately. Others will hesitate because they're unfamiliar with the lab codes or unsure how to interpret the result – that's where this guide helps.
Your primary care doctor is often more flexible. PCPs order environmental testing panels more routinely than OBs, and they're not locked into the prenatal care workflow. If your OB declines, ask your PCP at your next annual physical.
Specialty environmental medicine clinics order PFAS panels routinely. These are doctors who focus specifically on environmental health – occupational exposures, contamination-related illness, toxicology. They understand the test, know how to interpret it, and can coordinate with your OB on any follow-up. The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine maintains a provider directory if you need to find one.
Some commercial labs now offer direct-to-consumer ordering, which bypasses the doctor entirely. Several direct-to-consumer services let patients in many states order a PFAS panel online, get blood drawn at a local lab, and receive results without a physician intermediary. This route costs about the same but gives you control over timing.
Not all labs test for PFAS, and not all PFAS tests are equivalent. The gold standard is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measuring at least 5-7 PFAS compounds in blood serum.
NMS Labs offers a clinical PFAS serum panel ordered through a physician. Your doctor places the order, you get blood drawn locally, and results typically come back within a couple of weeks.
Quest Diagnostics offers a PFAS panel at patient service centers nationwide, measuring the compounds with the strongest health evidence (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and others). Quest is convenient because it has locations in most areas and integrates with most electronic health record systems. If your doctor orders labs through Quest already, adding PFAS is straightforward.
Direct-to-consumer environmental testing services also offer PFAS panels for roughly $300. You typically order online, get blood drawn at a partner lab, and receive results in one to two weeks; some include a consultation to help interpret the result. Whether you can order without a physician varies by state, so check the requirements where you live.
Some labs offer expanded panels testing 30 or more compounds, which is more than most patients need but can be useful after extreme exposures.
Some hospital systems and university research studies offer PFAS testing at no cost to pregnant participants in contaminated communities, with clinical follow-up included. Check whether a study near you is recruiting, because testing, interpretation, and follow-up are all covered when you qualify.
Critical detail: Confirm the lab uses blood serum, not urine. Some companies market "PFAS test kits" that measure urine concentrations. PFAS clears poorly into urine because it binds to serum proteins – urine tests dramatically underestimate body burden. Blood serum is the validated standard for clinical decision-making.
Out-of-pocket cost ranges from $200 to $400 depending on the lab and which compounds are tested. Standard panels cluster around $250-300, while expanded panels that test more compounds run $350-400. Few labs charge more than $500 for a standard prenatal PFAS panel.
Insurance coverage is inconsistent and frustrating. Most plans categorize PFAS testing as "investigational" or "not medically necessary" and deny the claim. The exceptions: you live in a documented contamination zone (your water utility reported PFAS above EPA limits), you have a clinical condition plausibly linked to PFAS (thyroid disease, preeclampsia history), AND your doctor codes the order with a specific ICD-10 justification. Even then, approval isn't guaranteed.
Some states cover testing at no cost for affected communities. Maine, New Hampshire, Michigan, and North Carolina all run PFAS health programs that reimburse residents in high-contamination areas. These programs operate through county health departments – call yours and ask whether they cover prenatal PFAS panels.
HSA and FSA accounts usually cover the test because it's ordered by a physician and performed by a clinical lab. Save your receipt and submit it with the lab order form and ICD-10 code (Z77.098 for "contact with and suspected exposure to other hazardous substances" is common). Most HSA administrators approve these within 48 hours.
If $300 is prohibitive, prioritize water filtration over testing. A certified NSF-53 filter that removes PFAS costs $30-80 for a pitcher or $200-300 for under-sink installation. That's money spent on directly lowering exposure rather than measuring it. Test later when budget allows.
PFAS blood test results report concentration in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) for individual compounds (PFOA, PFOS, etc.) and sometimes a summed total. Interpreting the number requires context.
The NHANES 2017-2018 data – the most recent US population survey – found median total PFAS in adults around 5-7 ng/mL. Half the country is above that, half below. If your result is 3-4 ng/mL, you're below the population median. If it's 15 ng/mL, you're in the top quartile.
The 2022 NASEM report established clinical thresholds for follow-up: under 2 ng/mL is considered low and requires no additional monitoring beyond standard prenatal care; 2-20 ng/mL warrants regular clinical monitoring (thyroid panel every trimester, extra preeclampsia screening, lipid check postpartum); over 20 ng/mL requires formal clinical consultation with environmental medicine or maternal-fetal medicine to coordinate improved monitoring.
In pregnancy specifically, elevated PFAS correlates with higher risk for three conditions: preeclampsia (high blood pressure after 20 weeks), hypothyroidism (which affects fetal brain development), and gestational diabetes. If your PFAS level is in the 2-20 ng/mL range, your OB should screen for all three more closely than standard protocol. That means blood pressure checks every 2 weeks instead of every 4, TSH and T4 testing each trimester instead of once, and earlier glucose tolerance testing (24-26 weeks instead of 28).
Your result is not a diagnosis. It's a biomarker that informs monitoring intensity. A level of 12 ng/mL doesn't mean you'll develop preeclampsia – it means your baseline risk is higher than someone at 2 ng/mL, and extra vigilance makes sense.
One detail that matters: PFOA and PFOS specifically. These two compounds have the strongest health evidence and are regulated by EPA, so clinicians weigh them heavily. The NASEM thresholds, though, are based on the sum of seven measured PFAS, so ask your provider to interpret your full panel rather than any single compound.
Low level (under 2 ng/mL): Keep doing what you're doing. If you're already filtering water and avoiding non-stick cookware, those behaviors got you here. Continue them. Retest isn't necessary unless you move to a high-contamination area.
Moderate level (2-20 ng/mL): Install water filtration now if you haven't already. An NSF-53 certified pitcher removes PFAS from drinking and cooking water – this is the single highest-impact change. Audit your cookware and replace non-stick pans with stainless steel or cast iron. PFAS in non-stick coatings transfers into food during cooking, especially at high heat. Coordinate with your OB on improved screening: thyroid panel each trimester, blood pressure monitoring every 2 weeks after 20 weeks, early glucose tolerance test. Retest in 12 months postpartum to confirm levels are declining.
High level (over 20 ng/mL): Request a formal environmental medicine consultation. This is beyond standard OB scope – you want a provider who understands PFAS pharmacokinetics and can design a comprehensive monitoring plan. Full pregnancy monitoring panel: TSH, free T4, lipids, liver enzymes, glucose, blood pressure tracking. Consider plasma donation postpartum (not during pregnancy) – recent research from Australia shows regular plasma donation can reduce PFAS levels by 30% over 12 months because PFAS binds to serum proteins that are removed with plasma. Your non-pregnant partner can donate plasma now if they're also exposed. Audit all potential exposure sources: water, cookware, food packaging, carpets (PFAS in stain treatments), cosmetics (some waterproof makeup uses PFAS). Retest every 6 months until levels decline.
Not every pregnant person should test. The result is only valuable if it changes your behavior or monitoring plan.
If you have low documented exposure history – lived your whole life in low-contamination areas, never worked in high-exposure jobs, no concerning health patterns – and you're already filtering your water and avoiding non-stick cookware, the test tells you very little. You're doing the right things regardless of the number.
If the result won't change your pregnancy management AND you're not willing or able to make behavior changes (you rent and can't install a whole-house filter, you can't afford new cookware, your employer requires protective gear with PFAS), the test provides information without actionable follow-up. That's frustrating and not medically useful.
Some patients test out of general anxiety about environmental health without specific exposure concern. If that's your motivation, talk through the decision with your provider first. Testing for reassurance only works if a low result actually reassures you – some patients get a result of 5 ng/mL (below median) and still worry. In those cases, the $300 would be better spent on a water filter or therapy to address the underlying anxiety.
The exception: if you're considering testing because you want baseline data for future comparison, that's valid even without current high exposure. PFAS levels change slowly, and having a 2026 baseline lets you track whether exposure increased later. That's a reasonable research-oriented motivation.
Before spending $300 on a blood test, check whether your drinking water has detectable PFAS. We built a free tool that looks up PFAS levels by ZIP code using EPA UCMR5 data. If your water tested clean, your main exposure route is likely low-level (food packaging, dust) rather than the high-dose contamination that drives blood levels into the clinical concern range.
If your water shows PFAS above 4 ppt (the new EPA limit), testing makes more sense. Chronic water exposure accumulates in blood over months to years, and the test tells you whether filtration is urgent or just recommended.
Check your water quality now. It takes 30 seconds and it's free.
We track PFAS contamination in over 30,000 US water systems using EPA data. Our detailed PDF report shows your specific utility's PFAS levels, which compounds were detected, and how your area compares to national averages. If you're deciding whether to test during pregnancy, this report gives you the exposure context you need.
For comprehensive pregnancy-specific guidance, see our PFAS and pregnancy hub – it covers everything from first-trimester risks to postpartum reduction strategies.
Should I get a PFAS blood test while pregnant? Test if you have known elevated exposure: you worked as a firefighter, lived near a military base or industrial site with documented contamination, drank from a water system that tested above EPA limits, or have unexplained thyroid issues or pregnancy complications. The 2022 NASEM report specifically recommends testing for these groups. If you have low exposure history and no concerning symptoms, testing is optional.
How much does a PFAS blood test cost? $200-400 depending on the lab and how many compounds are tested. Quest Diagnostics and other clinical labs typically charge $250-350. NMS Labs and expanded panels run $300-400. Direct-to-consumer orders are generally around $300-400. Some state health programs cover testing at no cost for residents in high-contamination areas.
Does insurance cover PFAS testing during pregnancy? Rarely. Most plans categorize PFAS tests as investigational and deny claims. Coverage is possible if you live in a documented contamination zone, have a clinical condition linked to PFAS (thyroid disease, preeclampsia history), and your doctor codes the order with specific ICD-10 justification. HSA and FSA accounts usually cover the test.
Where can I order a PFAS blood test? Through your OB-GYN, primary care doctor, or an environmental medicine specialist. Commercial labs like Quest Diagnostics, Labcorp, and NMS Labs run validated PFAS panels. Some direct-to-consumer services let you order without a doctor in many states; you order online, get blood drawn at a local lab, and receive results in one to two weeks.
What is a high PFAS level in pregnancy? The 2022 NASEM report defines thresholds: under 2 ng/mL is low and requires no extra monitoring; 2-20 ng/mL warrants improved screening for thyroid issues, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes; over 20 ng/mL requires clinical consultation with environmental or maternal-fetal medicine. For context, the median US adult has total PFAS around 5-7 ng/mL.